Chapter Seven, p. 131-152

a. 2003, Bankok streets were clogged by elephants
b. $8 pound fine in London for traffic congestion, traffic congestion went down 30%
c. Bankok, world’s most congrested city
d. Bankok: 10,000,000 people
e. chronic respiratory problems in Bankok
f. Delhi: air pollution/congestion
g. heavy investment in mass transit > frees up roads > more cars!
h. walking: 3 to 4 kilometers/hour
i. underground bus/train: 40 kilometers
j. car: 80 kilometers/ hour
k. cities lost shape with cars
l. local business in cities loses out to suburban establishments
m. transport: major component of sustainability
n. assembly line led to cheap Model T Ford
o. $850 in 1913
p. $360 in 1925
q. 1925: GM ripped out the streetcars
r. WWII: people wanted a garden in the suburbs
s. settlements became low-density, car-dependnet
t. planning, regulations, taxes: car use is lower in Europe
u. <10% of trips in USA: walking, biking, public transport
v. 3x as much energy-use as Europe in USA (84,000 mega-jules vs. 27,0000)
w. America: one car for every 1.3 people (1/1.30 x 300,000,000)
y. 228,000,000 cars in America...
z. 970,000,000 in China if they catch up to us

1. German car-makers actually care about environmental/social impacts

The Problems Of Sprawl
1. population in NYC grew 5%, surface area grew 61%
2. 90% of LA inhabitants drive to work
3. LA (10 million) uses 3x the land space of London (7 million)
4. Hong Kong (6 million) people live in high rises
5. Phoenix (3.2 million) packed into same area as LA (10 million)
6. Us government keeps road construction cheap through subsidies
7. without subsidies, developers would build in cities!
8. 1/4 mile plots in Australian suburbs
9. sprawl makes life difficult for old & young people
10. sprawl hurts in-city shopping centers
11. sprawl makes public transit too expensive
12. biking isn’t that common even if land could accomodate it
13. Australia is putting bike lanes to shops, schools
14. dense settlements, more socially diverse than suburbs
15. Adelaide: rebates on in-city housing: 40% > more entertainment at night
16. motorists only pay 25% of what roads cost
17. employers have to provide free-parking 
18. fuel would have to go up 150% to pay for road construction/transportation infrastructure
19. education: people might consider their actions on society/ the environment

1. public subsidies GO
2. create the urban growth boundary
3. create dense urban centers
4. subsidies on public transit
5. support for transport with a low environmental impact

1. Portland is trying to counter sprawl (1.5 million people)
2. 1979, growth boundary
3. a park was installed by the river
4. Hillsboro, has a light-rail station: Orenco Station

142
1.public transport is making a comeback
2. Hong Kong, Vienna, Zurich, Curitiba, Amsterdam, Montpellier: new tram systems 
3. easy access to services, jobs, education, social connections
4. mass transit, walking, cycling: fast journeys, low transport costs, healthier people
5. cities become cleaner, less frustrating, & more liveable
6. congestion/urban toll roads-tackle congestion
7. Curitiba, S. Brazil, 1.7 million people, good public transport planning


Curitiba:
1. Curitiba: planned along structural roads/axes
2. businesses and housing are acclimated along axes
3. price needs to be medium

European Cities
1. many cities began before motor car
2. urban growth was linked to development of public transit
3. prices of fuel, costs of car use are much higher
4. planning restrictions limited urban growth

Vienna
1. was 37% cars, 37% public transport, walking 23%, bikes: 3%
2. gives non-car traffic the priority
3. businesses/development will be located along rail-line
4. improves road conditions
5. cuts down traffic volumes
6. punctual/regular service on all lines
7. separate lanes & preferential traffic signals
8. shorter intervals @ low demand hours
9. good night-time service
10. increased efficiency/frequency of the basic network
11. route extensions in connection with urban development projects
12. improvements in rolling stock
13. flexible operating modes such as collective taxis in peripheral zones
14. improved public perception of the the transport service

1. reduce parking space in the streets
2. regular monitoring og the public parking spaces
3. multi-story car parks to increase road space
4. additional park & ride facilities on the periphery of Vienna

5. the bike network is being continuously improved

Zurich
1. biggest city in Switzerland
2. high quality, wide range of services
3. innovative “zone” buses
4. tram tracks separated from the rest of the road
5. special fares by publicity campaigns
6. reduced fares for young people
7. surveys on needs and social trends, focused on specific consumer groups
8. Zurich’s auto-rate hasn’t increased since 1980
9. training in fuel efficient driving
10. promotion of fuel efficient cars
11. encouragement of fuel-efficient freight transport
12. private parking management to reduce daily car commuting
13. concessionary public transport tickets

Copenhagen
1. 100,000 meters(square) were traffic free space
2. 80% of movement is pedestrian
3. Heidelburg, Karlsruhe, Essen, Montpellier, are adopting Copenhagen’s reforms

Remodeling Cities
1. well planned mass transit systems don’t need to be fast
2.diverse local activities keep people in the city
3. walking, cheapest form of transport
4. walkable: more social interaction, physical fitness, diminished crime

Alternative Vehicles
1. electric/hybrid-electric motors should be pursued
2. electric cars should be promoted for short trips
3. hydrogen power: energy efficient, pollution-free
4. wind power, solar energy, crop & refuse derived ethanol could make hydrogen a sustainable & viable option

Best:
1. compact urban development
2. effective use of mass transit
3. new vehicle technologies