a. 2003, Bankok streets were clogged by elephants
b. $8 pound fine in London for traffic congestion, traffic congestion went down 30%
c. Bankok, world’s most congrested city
d. Bankok: 10,000,000 people
e. chronic respiratory problems in Bankok
f. Delhi: air pollution/congestion
g. heavy investment in mass transit > frees up roads > more cars!
h. walking: 3 to 4 kilometers/hour
i. underground bus/train: 40 kilometers
j. car: 80 kilometers/ hour
k. cities lost shape with cars
l. local business in cities loses out to suburban establishments
m. transport: major component of sustainability
n. assembly line led to cheap Model T Ford
o. $850 in 1913
p. $360 in 1925
q. 1925: GM ripped out the streetcars
r. WWII: people wanted a garden in the suburbs
s. settlements became low-density, car-dependnet
t. planning, regulations, taxes: car use is lower in Europe
u. <10% of trips in USA: walking, biking, public transport
v. 3x as much energy-use as Europe in USA (84,000 mega-jules vs. 27,0000)
w. America: one car for every 1.3 people (1/1.30 x 300,000,000)
y. 228,000,000 cars in America...
z. 970,000,000 in China if they catch up to us
1. German car-makers actually care about environmental/social impacts
The Problems Of Sprawl
1. population in NYC grew 5%, surface area grew 61%
2. 90% of LA inhabitants drive to work
3. LA (10 million) uses 3x the land space of London (7 million)
4. Hong Kong (6 million) people live in high rises
5. Phoenix (3.2 million) packed into same area as LA (10 million)
6. Us government keeps road construction cheap through subsidies
7. without subsidies, developers would build in cities!
8. 1/4 mile plots in Australian suburbs
9. sprawl makes life difficult for old & young people
10. sprawl hurts in-city shopping centers
11. sprawl makes public transit too expensive
12. biking isn’t that common even if land could accomodate it
13. Australia is putting bike lanes to shops, schools
14. dense settlements, more socially diverse than suburbs
15. Adelaide: rebates on in-city housing: 40% > more entertainment at night
16. motorists only pay 25% of what roads cost
17. employers have to provide free-parking
18. fuel would have to go up 150% to pay for road construction/transportation infrastructure
19. education: people might consider their actions on society/ the environment
1. public subsidies GO
2. create the urban growth boundary
3. create dense urban centers
4. subsidies on public transit
5. support for transport with a low environmental impact
1. Portland is trying to counter sprawl (1.5 million people)
2. 1979, growth boundary
3. a park was installed by the river
4. Hillsboro, has a light-rail station: Orenco Station
142
1.public transport is making a comeback
2. Hong Kong, Vienna, Zurich, Curitiba, Amsterdam, Montpellier: new tram systems
3. easy access to services, jobs, education, social connections
4. mass transit, walking, cycling: fast journeys, low transport costs, healthier people
5. cities become cleaner, less frustrating, & more liveable
6. congestion/urban toll roads-tackle congestion
7. Curitiba, S. Brazil, 1.7 million people, good public transport planning
Curitiba:
1. Curitiba: planned along structural roads/axes
2. businesses and housing are acclimated along axes
3. price needs to be medium
European Cities
1. many cities began before motor car
2. urban growth was linked to development of public transit
3. prices of fuel, costs of car use are much higher
4. planning restrictions limited urban growth
Vienna
1. was 37% cars, 37% public transport, walking 23%, bikes: 3%
2. gives non-car traffic the priority
3. businesses/development will be located along rail-line
4. improves road conditions
5. cuts down traffic volumes
6. punctual/regular service on all lines
7. separate lanes & preferential traffic signals
8. shorter intervals @ low demand hours
9. good night-time service
10. increased efficiency/frequency of the basic network
11. route extensions in connection with urban development projects
12. improvements in rolling stock
13. flexible operating modes such as collective taxis in peripheral zones
14. improved public perception of the the transport service
1. reduce parking space in the streets
2. regular monitoring og the public parking spaces
3. multi-story car parks to increase road space
4. additional park & ride facilities on the periphery of Vienna
5. the bike network is being continuously improved
Zurich
1. biggest city in Switzerland
2. high quality, wide range of services
3. innovative “zone” buses
4. tram tracks separated from the rest of the road
5. special fares by publicity campaigns
6. reduced fares for young people
7. surveys on needs and social trends, focused on specific consumer groups
8. Zurich’s auto-rate hasn’t increased since 1980
9. training in fuel efficient driving
10. promotion of fuel efficient cars
11. encouragement of fuel-efficient freight transport
12. private parking management to reduce daily car commuting
13. concessionary public transport tickets
Copenhagen
1. 100,000 meters(square) were traffic free space
2. 80% of movement is pedestrian
3. Heidelburg, Karlsruhe, Essen, Montpellier, are adopting Copenhagen’s reforms
Remodeling Cities
1. well planned mass transit systems don’t need to be fast
2.diverse local activities keep people in the city
3. walking, cheapest form of transport
4. walkable: more social interaction, physical fitness, diminished crime
Alternative Vehicles
1. electric/hybrid-electric motors should be pursued
2. electric cars should be promoted for short trips
3. hydrogen power: energy efficient, pollution-free
4. wind power, solar energy, crop & refuse derived ethanol could make hydrogen a sustainable & viable option
Best:
1. compact urban development
2. effective use of mass transit
3. new vehicle technologies
Sunday, September 27, 2009
Chapter Six, Cities As Eco-Technical Systems, p. 108-130
Chapter Six, Cities As Eco-Technical Systems, p. 108-130
1. cities have depleted the natural capital of their local & regional hinterland
2. large modern cities use natural resources on a global scale
3. * cities are centers of knowledge, culture & creativity
4. Aristotle: city could be thought of as a singular organism
5. Olmstead: cities are a social organism
6. Mumford: “organic growth of medieval cities”
7. modern cities are super-organisms!
8. Lynch: “urban ecosystem”: living species filter air, microclimate regulation, noise reduction, surface water drainage, nutrient retention, genetic diversity, pollination, seed disposal, insect pest regulation, recreational spaces & living soil for food gardens
9. Koyaanisqatsi, Godfrey Reggio’s 1983 visual poem about New York & Los Angeles
10. modern cities: eco-technical systems: multi-layered biological/technical systems
11. biology & technology meet in cities
12. import resources from elsewhere
Super-organism
1. complex living body with a great variety of interacting organs
2. roads/railways/waterways: arteries/veins
3. food markets: stomachs
4. garbage dumps, sewage dumps: digestive tracts
5. universities/libraries: brains
6. communication networks: nervous systems
7. parks/gardens: lungs
Key Factors
1. location near a concentration of resources
2. convenient river or coastal setting
3. transport connections with good access to markets
4. opportunities for manufacturing for local consumption & trade
Flows
1. flows of capital
2. flows of information
3. flows of technology
4. flows of organizational interactions
5. flows of images
6. flows of sounds and symbols
1. firms will congregate where there is a large market
2. high urban concentrations > congestion
3. affluent cities: information based economy, not manufacturing
4. cities are centers of production/consumerism
5. out-of-town shopping malls compete with in-city-malls
Food:
1. origins?
2. energy used in processing/transporting
3. carbon emissions
London, Tokyo, New York
1. food, spices, tea, coffee, timber were shipped long distances
2. production, transportation, and consumption have to be altered
Ecological Footprints of cities
1. London’s footprint is 293x its surface area
2. a North American city with 650,000 people needs 30,000 square kilometers to meet its needs, an Indian city would need 2,800 kilometers
3. Everyone lived like a Londoner: 3 planets!
4. Los Angeles: 5 planets
5. 1996: 744 European cities consumed 25% of all fish
6. Amazon, Malaysia, Indonesia: deliberate forest clearing for land!
7. very little economic benefits go to the local people whose land is destroyed
8. Paragominas: boom town in Brazilian Amazon-200 sawmills, sawmill capital of the world!
9. 10 million settlers to Brazil despite gunmen, malaria, infertile soil and hostile world opinion
10. 1990s: $1 billion of timber, became a shameful symbol of violence & environmental devestation
Meat Eating Habit
1. the Chinese used to eat meat occasionally
2. Japanese styled marble beef is becoming popular
3. soybeans, maize, barley go to feed cows
4. 1 billion in rich countries eat a lot of meat
5. 1 billion in the poorest countries cannot eat meat
6. meat production requires large amounts of feed
7. more imports from US, Australia, and Brazil are required to produce meat
8. meat consumption endangers rain-forests
9. beef eating requires large quantities of grain
Game-plan
1. protect ecosystems
2. reduce carbon
3. carbon sequestration
4. plant new forests
5. store carbon in farmland
6. Australia: large potential for tree-planting
The Metabolism Of Cities
1. can we transform cities into less environmentally demanding/damaging places?
2. can we establish a relationship between cities & the planet that is sustainable?
3. can cities self-regulate & self limit wastes?
4. metabolism: sum of all biological, chemical & physical processes
5. linear model of production is not sustainable
6. waste can be a resource
7. efficient consumption of resources benefits local economy
8. reduced discharges of wastes reduces pollution
A Successful Web:
1. Power station for Kalundbourg
2. steam for Statoil refinery, Novo Nordisk & Novozymes
3. process steam > reduced oil consumption & water consumption by circulating water among partners
4. ash produced is recycled by construction/cement industries
5. Kalundborg symbiosis
Communication & Sustainability
1. internet improves communication flow
2. simulation/modeling can reinvent the city
3. cities must deliberately construct feedback loops with natural systems beyond their boundaries
Important Areas:
1. linear resource flows > circular resource flows
2. resource productivity
3. urban ecology
4. industrial ecology
5. how can these measures be implemented?
1. cities have depleted the natural capital of their local & regional hinterland
2. large modern cities use natural resources on a global scale
3. * cities are centers of knowledge, culture & creativity
4. Aristotle: city could be thought of as a singular organism
5. Olmstead: cities are a social organism
6. Mumford: “organic growth of medieval cities”
7. modern cities are super-organisms!
8. Lynch: “urban ecosystem”: living species filter air, microclimate regulation, noise reduction, surface water drainage, nutrient retention, genetic diversity, pollination, seed disposal, insect pest regulation, recreational spaces & living soil for food gardens
9. Koyaanisqatsi, Godfrey Reggio’s 1983 visual poem about New York & Los Angeles
10. modern cities: eco-technical systems: multi-layered biological/technical systems
11. biology & technology meet in cities
12. import resources from elsewhere
Super-organism
1. complex living body with a great variety of interacting organs
2. roads/railways/waterways: arteries/veins
3. food markets: stomachs
4. garbage dumps, sewage dumps: digestive tracts
5. universities/libraries: brains
6. communication networks: nervous systems
7. parks/gardens: lungs
Key Factors
1. location near a concentration of resources
2. convenient river or coastal setting
3. transport connections with good access to markets
4. opportunities for manufacturing for local consumption & trade
Flows
1. flows of capital
2. flows of information
3. flows of technology
4. flows of organizational interactions
5. flows of images
6. flows of sounds and symbols
1. firms will congregate where there is a large market
2. high urban concentrations > congestion
3. affluent cities: information based economy, not manufacturing
4. cities are centers of production/consumerism
5. out-of-town shopping malls compete with in-city-malls
Food:
1. origins?
2. energy used in processing/transporting
3. carbon emissions
London, Tokyo, New York
1. food, spices, tea, coffee, timber were shipped long distances
2. production, transportation, and consumption have to be altered
Ecological Footprints of cities
1. London’s footprint is 293x its surface area
2. a North American city with 650,000 people needs 30,000 square kilometers to meet its needs, an Indian city would need 2,800 kilometers
3. Everyone lived like a Londoner: 3 planets!
4. Los Angeles: 5 planets
5. 1996: 744 European cities consumed 25% of all fish
6. Amazon, Malaysia, Indonesia: deliberate forest clearing for land!
7. very little economic benefits go to the local people whose land is destroyed
8. Paragominas: boom town in Brazilian Amazon-200 sawmills, sawmill capital of the world!
9. 10 million settlers to Brazil despite gunmen, malaria, infertile soil and hostile world opinion
10. 1990s: $1 billion of timber, became a shameful symbol of violence & environmental devestation
Meat Eating Habit
1. the Chinese used to eat meat occasionally
2. Japanese styled marble beef is becoming popular
3. soybeans, maize, barley go to feed cows
4. 1 billion in rich countries eat a lot of meat
5. 1 billion in the poorest countries cannot eat meat
6. meat production requires large amounts of feed
7. more imports from US, Australia, and Brazil are required to produce meat
8. meat consumption endangers rain-forests
9. beef eating requires large quantities of grain
Game-plan
1. protect ecosystems
2. reduce carbon
3. carbon sequestration
4. plant new forests
5. store carbon in farmland
6. Australia: large potential for tree-planting
The Metabolism Of Cities
1. can we transform cities into less environmentally demanding/damaging places?
2. can we establish a relationship between cities & the planet that is sustainable?
3. can cities self-regulate & self limit wastes?
4. metabolism: sum of all biological, chemical & physical processes
5. linear model of production is not sustainable
6. waste can be a resource
7. efficient consumption of resources benefits local economy
8. reduced discharges of wastes reduces pollution
A Successful Web:
1. Power station for Kalundbourg
2. steam for Statoil refinery, Novo Nordisk & Novozymes
3. process steam > reduced oil consumption & water consumption by circulating water among partners
4. ash produced is recycled by construction/cement industries
5. Kalundborg symbiosis
Communication & Sustainability
1. internet improves communication flow
2. simulation/modeling can reinvent the city
3. cities must deliberately construct feedback loops with natural systems beyond their boundaries
Important Areas:
1. linear resource flows > circular resource flows
2. resource productivity
3. urban ecology
4. industrial ecology
5. how can these measures be implemented?
Saturday, September 26, 2009
Globalisation & Megacity Growth, p.86 to 107
Chapter Five
Globalisation & Megacity Growth, p.86 to 107
- a. 100 years: 1.5 billion to 6 billion
- b. 47% of world urban
- c. more developed nations: 76% urbanized
- d. 40% urbanized in developing nations
- e. urban populations in developed: grew by 0.6%
- f. urban populations in developing regions grew by 2.9% a year-will continue until 2030
- g. most people don’t live in mega-cities of 10 million
- h. coal, oil, steel, industrial mass production, global trade make this possible
- i. continuing worldwide immigration of people from rural areas results from a combination of factors
10 main factors:
- 1. migration due to job/business opportunities
- 2. urban education, health, other services
- 3. reproduction of urban populations
- 4. cheap energy supplies
- 5. technological development
- 6. import substitution & economic growth
- 7. economic globalization
- 8. urban political & financial power
- 9. urban-centered transport systems
- 10. easy access to global food supplies
- a. 1950: most people were employed in agriculture
- b. 1990: most people worked in services
- c. rural education, health programs, improved water, sanitation, road construction, electrification & investment in rural economies help to keep ruralites from moving
- d. combustion technology, steel making, motorized transport, long-distance communication systems > the emergence of large cities
- e. buildings require continuous electricity supplies to operate lifts, pump water, light rooms & power air conditioning & domestic electrical equipment
- f. bulldozers, cranes, road-building machinery + ready mixed concrete are the “headline technologies” that make fast urban construction possible
- g. buildings are no longer made of local materials. Instead steel, glass, concrete.
- h. China, largest producer of cement, 37% of global demand
- i. Turkey, India, Brazil, Thailand: major producers & consumers
- j. cement > a lot of greenhouse gases
- k. urbanites in developing countries can have 4x the income of ruralites
- l. long distance food supplies are becoming the norm
- m. cities deprive rural communities of water
- n. Tokyo: rapid industrial growth
- o. Meiji Period: Japan industrialized rapidly
- p. 25 years, Japan had a growth rate of up to ten percent (1950-1975)
- q. Tokyo, hub of Japan’s economic miracle
- r. little city-wide planning
- s. suburbs were created to reduce overcrowding
- t. Tokyo relied on imported energy & food & timber supplies
- u. Tokyo: one of world’s largest consumer markets
- v. Sumida/Onagi rivers became polluted with industrial effluents, sewage, mineral fertilizer run-off from farmland
- w. the Tokyo Bay ecosystem was severely damaged
- x. since 1973, the water quality has improved
- y. Japan had so much stuff to dispose of they HAD to recycle
- z. Toyo: high technology, knowledge based economy
- a. much industrial development in Tokyo
- b. Tokyo-leading player in global financial system
- c. Tokyo, London, New York: finance centers
- d. NY: services is 85% of economy, London its 82%, Tokyo is 74%
- e. investors to avoid expensive regulations & shift activity to low cost ones
- f. Hong Kong, Singapore, Seoul, Taipei, Shanghai, Mumbai
- g. Hong Kong: manufacturing to service based economy
- h. Singapore: mainly manufacturing: semi-conducters, shipping, air transport, becoming a major financial center
Six points:
- 1. concentrated command points by use of advanced communication systems
- 2. important centers for finance
- 3. coordinators of state power
- 4. sites of innovative forms of industrialization & production
- 5. markets for products & innovations produced
- a. networks are replacing communites
- b. do-things-yourself from online
Urban China p. 95
- a. China prevented rural to urban migration until recently
- b. Xiaoping: economic reforms built up industry/ rural urbanization
- c. Shenzhen grew from 1000s to millions
- d. jobs in factories, construction, restaurants, transportation, urban agriculture
- e. global investors contribute to China’s boom
- f. emergence of a consumer economy/ export driven economy
- g. greater meat consumption in China
- h. air/water pollution-major problem
- i. Shanghai: new container terminal
- j. Korea. Thailand, Laos, Cambodia: rapid growth in private income
Problems:
- 1. traffic congestion
- 2. housing shortages
- 3. competition for jobs
- 4. increasing crime
Cities In Third World Countries
- a. living conditions are awful for 1 billion or more urban people
- b. Nairobi, Manila, Calcutta, Jakarta: squatter camps for 1/2 of urban population
- c. water supply, sewage disposal, waste management: not well developed
- d. cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis: problems
Consideration
- a. poor cities: environmental problems are local/immediate/life threatening
- b. middle income: regional, delayed
- c. rich cities: global/inter-generational (problems) in scale
India:
- 1. 1947: 15% in cities, 2000: 30% in cities
- 2. megacities: Mumbai, Delphi, Calcutta, Chennai
- 3. 1/3 of urban Indians are below the poverty line
- 4. 15% of Indians do not have safe drinking water
- 5. traffic congestion, lack of public transport
Africa:
- a. rapid urbanization because rural conditions are worsening
- b. droughts/desertification
Lagos
- a. decline in rural areas, lack of economic development
- b. unemployment, poverty
- c. 90% do have electricity
- d. problems with water supplies (plenty of water there though!)
- e. problems with sewage disposal
- f. traffic congestion: 3 hours to move 20 kilometers
- g. lack of adequate housing
- h. high crime rates, lots of armed banditry
Geography Of Inequality
- a. The American urbanist Mike Davis has coined the term ‘ecology of fear” to describe the condition of people living in islands of wealth surrounded by poverty
- b. Los Angeles, Lagos, Jerusalem, Nairobi, Delhi: protected home zones with guarded entrances and high walls with electric security fences is becoming commonplace
- c. post-apartheid Johannesburg, well-to-do people live in gated suburbs
- d. unemployment is very high in cities
- e. violent crime is bad in Johannesburg, AIDs epidemic is high in South Africa
Liveability in Developing Cities
- a. high unemployment, appalling living conditions
- b. slum-upgrading programs, infrastructure improvement, housing improvements, small-scale job creation
- 1. water/wastewater systems, flood prevention, electricity, security lighting, public telephones
- 2. removing environmental hazards
- 3. providing incentives for community management/maintainance
- 4. creating community facilities, health posts, & community open space
- 5. regularizing security of tenure
- 6. home improvement
- 7. relocating residents moved by improvements
- 8. improving access to health care/education as well as social support systems to address security, violence, substance abuse
- 9. enhancing income earning opportunities through training and micro-credit
- 10. building social capital & institutional frameworks to sustain improvements
Curitiba: planning improvements have made it more livable
A Word From Lerner, Former Mayor
- a. competition for master plan of expanding Brazil’s city
- b. highly integrated bus system
- c. 1. use your car less
- d. separate your garbage
- e. 2 years to make urban improvements large scale
- f. planning is crucial
- g. high density/pedestrian friendly cities are needed
Offerings
- 1. living wage jobs
- 2. education
- 3. basic transportation
- 4. safe water/ sanitation
- 5. health care
- 6. affordable housing
- 7. clean air, safety, diversity
- 8. parks, gardens, public spaces
- 9. leisure/recreation
- 10. active stake in local, democratic governance
- 11. opportunities for enjoying nature
NEED: to develop a sustainable relationship between people & planet & transform local environmental conditions
Thursday, September 24, 2009
Technology: Triumph & Tragedy, p. 64-85
Technology: Triumph & Tragedy,
64-85
a. economic, social, environmental history of urbanization
Major differences:
1. community vs. society
2. stone/bricks vs. concrete/steel
3. firewood/charcoal vs. coal/oil/gas
4. crafts vs. industry
5. carts, coaches, boats vs. trains, automobiles
6. locally produced food vs. globally supplied food
7. open drains/cesspits vs. sewage systems
8. solid waste recycled/reused vs. solid waste dumped in landfills
a. industrial city started in Britain in the 18th century
b. closure movement forced millions off the land
c. canals were dug, railways were installed
d. cities had to obtain food/energy from their immediate hinterland
e. Rome/Beijing: got food from canal barges/merchant vessels
f. until 18th century: muscle, water, wind, firewood, charcoal-only energy sources
g. modern cities came out of new energy
h. major innovation: coking coal in the 18th century!
i. the production/availability of iron/steel increased dramatically
j. 1712, Thomas Newcomen built the 1st steam engine
k. 1781, James Watt produced rotary-motion steam engines
l. steel > construction, production, transportation changed!
m. small producers couldn’t afford large/expensive engines
n. large factories were mostly in cities
o. repetitive labor!
p. labor was organized tightly, managers were strict
q. great riches for the few, great misery for many
r. 14 kilo to 3 kilo to 1 kilo to generate 1 horsepower-much less energy
s. 1830: Stephenson-built trains, effective way of bulk transport (though slow)
t. every town wanted a rain connection to increase its prosperity
u. 1898: New York City’s new subway station was built-huge electric generators ran it
v. steam engines > steam turbines/diesel engines
w. Spinning Jenny/Power Loom were steam powered-Britain
y. American slave labor produced most of Britain’s cotton
z. NW England (Manchester), Midlands (Nottingham), Clyde Valley (Scotland)
a. people’s livelihoods depended on cotton
b. 1/2 of Britain’s exports were textiles
c. awful environmental/housing conditions
d. Friedrich Engels commented on awful housing in Manchester in 1844
e. High Miller commented on it in 1862
f. the poor would beg for water
g. Bradford, most polluted town-black sulphurous smoke
h. Sheffield: molton-pig iron was made into steel
i. Henry Bessemer lowered the cost of steel making
j. cheap steel> iron warships/railways
k. the poor needed to be near work
l. the trade union movement was born
m. Lunar Society: discussed science, technology, health, literature & art
n. London: awful air pollution, overcrowding
o. 1836, London & Greenwich lines
p. 1848: Waterloo station was opened
q. 1863, world’s first underground, steam powered railway
r. 1800, London was 1,000,000
s. 1850, 4,000,000 in London
t. 1939, 8,600,000 in London
u. 1790, London was a port city with 14,000 ships coming in
v. London became the world’s leading financial center
w. Calcutta, Bombay, Hong Kong, Singapore, Sydney, New York, Toronto, Nairobi, Lagos became accessible with steamships
y. London’s Corn Laws were abolished which hurt England’s farmers-cheap grain flowed in from Canada & USA
Imports
1. North America/Russia: cornfields
2. Chicago/Odessa: granaries
3. Canada/Baltic: timber
4. Australia: sheep farms
5. Argentina/western prairies: oxen
6. Peru: silver
7. South Africa/Australia: gold
8. Indies: coffee, sugar, spice
9. Hindu/Chinese: tea
10. Spain/France: vineyards
11. Mediterranean: fruit gardens
Problems:
1. severe air pollution in London
2. smog from coal fires
3. heavy metals/chemicals ended up in soil
4. had to get water from Thames because groundwater was polluted
5. the Thames River became contaminated
6. flush toilets were connected to cesspits not sewers
7. a recycling scheme was needed for sewage!
8. land had to be kept productive
Advantages:
1. complex water supply system with steam-powered pumps
2. man made manures are good for soil-Victor Hugo advocated it
Waste Disposal:
a. London decided to dispose of the sewage in the North Sea
b. Joseph Bazalgette was put in charge of the huge project
c. 1866 Sanitary Act-Balzalgette’s project
d. Liebig decided to develop artificial fertilizers
e. artificial fertilizers contained: phosphates, nitrates & potash
f. we need a revolution in sewage recycling!
Germany’s Industrialization
a. Krupp & Thyssen built great industries based on coal mining & steel
b. farmers & craftsman became miners
c. German, Poland, Slovakia, Croatia, Italy-people came from all of these regions to work the mines
d. the Ruhrgebiet: small farms, villages, towns, forests> mines, steelworks, slag heaps, tenement buildings, railway lines
e. Berlin became Germany’s administrative center
f. Borsig & Siemens: headquarters in Berlin
g. Potsdam, first railway line (1838)
h. Siemens: electricity generation & communications systems
i. 1914: 3,700,000 in Berlin
j. The German wastewater system recycled sewage, fertilized orchards
USA
a. Andrew Carnegie, immigrant from Scotland, set up Bessemer converter in Pittsburgh
b. Pittsburgh: rich in coal, had abundant forests, & near Great Lakes-could ship to Detroit
c. Pittsburgh: Smokey city
d. 1892, Carnegie defeated a strike
e. US Steel, monopoly!
New York City
a. located at the mouth of the Hudson
b. originated as a Native American settlement
c. 5 boroughs: Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, Manhatten, the Bronx
d. 363 mile Erie Canal made NY prosperous
e. 1870, NY lit up by Edison
f. 1883: 1,600 ft. Brooklyn suspension bridge became the longest
g. 1904: start of subway system
h. Central Park: 337 hectares
i. 1800: 79,000 people
j. 1850: 700,000
k. 1900: 3,400,000
l. 1950: 7,900,000 people
m. skyscrapers depended on elevator technology
n. Woolworth building, “Cathedral of Commerce”
o. top floors: desirable, expensive
p. New York rivaled London’s finance
q. Wall Street became a world power in its own right
r. Wall Street depends on information based industry
Problems with modern cities
a. pollution
b. traffic congestion
c. overcrowding
Good:
a. parks
b. public spaces
c. gardens
Clean up
a. regulations
b. moving factories away from city centers
There was a dramatic change between humans relationship with nature!
64-85
a. economic, social, environmental history of urbanization
Major differences:
1. community vs. society
2. stone/bricks vs. concrete/steel
3. firewood/charcoal vs. coal/oil/gas
4. crafts vs. industry
5. carts, coaches, boats vs. trains, automobiles
6. locally produced food vs. globally supplied food
7. open drains/cesspits vs. sewage systems
8. solid waste recycled/reused vs. solid waste dumped in landfills
a. industrial city started in Britain in the 18th century
b. closure movement forced millions off the land
c. canals were dug, railways were installed
d. cities had to obtain food/energy from their immediate hinterland
e. Rome/Beijing: got food from canal barges/merchant vessels
f. until 18th century: muscle, water, wind, firewood, charcoal-only energy sources
g. modern cities came out of new energy
h. major innovation: coking coal in the 18th century!
i. the production/availability of iron/steel increased dramatically
j. 1712, Thomas Newcomen built the 1st steam engine
k. 1781, James Watt produced rotary-motion steam engines
l. steel > construction, production, transportation changed!
m. small producers couldn’t afford large/expensive engines
n. large factories were mostly in cities
o. repetitive labor!
p. labor was organized tightly, managers were strict
q. great riches for the few, great misery for many
r. 14 kilo to 3 kilo to 1 kilo to generate 1 horsepower-much less energy
s. 1830: Stephenson-built trains, effective way of bulk transport (though slow)
t. every town wanted a rain connection to increase its prosperity
u. 1898: New York City’s new subway station was built-huge electric generators ran it
v. steam engines > steam turbines/diesel engines
w. Spinning Jenny/Power Loom were steam powered-Britain
y. American slave labor produced most of Britain’s cotton
z. NW England (Manchester), Midlands (Nottingham), Clyde Valley (Scotland)
a. people’s livelihoods depended on cotton
b. 1/2 of Britain’s exports were textiles
c. awful environmental/housing conditions
d. Friedrich Engels commented on awful housing in Manchester in 1844
e. High Miller commented on it in 1862
f. the poor would beg for water
g. Bradford, most polluted town-black sulphurous smoke
h. Sheffield: molton-pig iron was made into steel
i. Henry Bessemer lowered the cost of steel making
j. cheap steel> iron warships/railways
k. the poor needed to be near work
l. the trade union movement was born
m. Lunar Society: discussed science, technology, health, literature & art
n. London: awful air pollution, overcrowding
o. 1836, London & Greenwich lines
p. 1848: Waterloo station was opened
q. 1863, world’s first underground, steam powered railway
r. 1800, London was 1,000,000
s. 1850, 4,000,000 in London
t. 1939, 8,600,000 in London
u. 1790, London was a port city with 14,000 ships coming in
v. London became the world’s leading financial center
w. Calcutta, Bombay, Hong Kong, Singapore, Sydney, New York, Toronto, Nairobi, Lagos became accessible with steamships
y. London’s Corn Laws were abolished which hurt England’s farmers-cheap grain flowed in from Canada & USA
Imports
1. North America/Russia: cornfields
2. Chicago/Odessa: granaries
3. Canada/Baltic: timber
4. Australia: sheep farms
5. Argentina/western prairies: oxen
6. Peru: silver
7. South Africa/Australia: gold
8. Indies: coffee, sugar, spice
9. Hindu/Chinese: tea
10. Spain/France: vineyards
11. Mediterranean: fruit gardens
Problems:
1. severe air pollution in London
2. smog from coal fires
3. heavy metals/chemicals ended up in soil
4. had to get water from Thames because groundwater was polluted
5. the Thames River became contaminated
6. flush toilets were connected to cesspits not sewers
7. a recycling scheme was needed for sewage!
8. land had to be kept productive
Advantages:
1. complex water supply system with steam-powered pumps
2. man made manures are good for soil-Victor Hugo advocated it
Waste Disposal:
a. London decided to dispose of the sewage in the North Sea
b. Joseph Bazalgette was put in charge of the huge project
c. 1866 Sanitary Act-Balzalgette’s project
d. Liebig decided to develop artificial fertilizers
e. artificial fertilizers contained: phosphates, nitrates & potash
f. we need a revolution in sewage recycling!
Germany’s Industrialization
a. Krupp & Thyssen built great industries based on coal mining & steel
b. farmers & craftsman became miners
c. German, Poland, Slovakia, Croatia, Italy-people came from all of these regions to work the mines
d. the Ruhrgebiet: small farms, villages, towns, forests> mines, steelworks, slag heaps, tenement buildings, railway lines
e. Berlin became Germany’s administrative center
f. Borsig & Siemens: headquarters in Berlin
g. Potsdam, first railway line (1838)
h. Siemens: electricity generation & communications systems
i. 1914: 3,700,000 in Berlin
j. The German wastewater system recycled sewage, fertilized orchards
USA
a. Andrew Carnegie, immigrant from Scotland, set up Bessemer converter in Pittsburgh
b. Pittsburgh: rich in coal, had abundant forests, & near Great Lakes-could ship to Detroit
c. Pittsburgh: Smokey city
d. 1892, Carnegie defeated a strike
e. US Steel, monopoly!
New York City
a. located at the mouth of the Hudson
b. originated as a Native American settlement
c. 5 boroughs: Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, Manhatten, the Bronx
d. 363 mile Erie Canal made NY prosperous
e. 1870, NY lit up by Edison
f. 1883: 1,600 ft. Brooklyn suspension bridge became the longest
g. 1904: start of subway system
h. Central Park: 337 hectares
i. 1800: 79,000 people
j. 1850: 700,000
k. 1900: 3,400,000
l. 1950: 7,900,000 people
m. skyscrapers depended on elevator technology
n. Woolworth building, “Cathedral of Commerce”
o. top floors: desirable, expensive
p. New York rivaled London’s finance
q. Wall Street became a world power in its own right
r. Wall Street depends on information based industry
Problems with modern cities
a. pollution
b. traffic congestion
c. overcrowding
Good:
a. parks
b. public spaces
c. gardens
Clean up
a. regulations
b. moving factories away from city centers
There was a dramatic change between humans relationship with nature!
Wednesday, September 23, 2009
Ch. III, From Rome To Edo, p. 40 to 63
Chapter III, From Rome To Edo
a. Rome is the prototype for the large modern city (minus fossil fuels)
b. 1.2 million in population by 1,000 years
c. Rome had an empire about the size of USA
d. Latins, Sabines, Etruscans surrounded Rome
e. Rome was located on the banks of the Tiber
f. Tiber water supply got polluted, Rome built water-ways
g. road system allowed armies to move
h. First Punic War, won Sicily, rich farmland
i. farmers had to become full time soldiers
j. 100 BC, Rome conquered most of Europe
k. welfare state, 300,000 got grain rations
l. much $ was spent on entertainment of Rome
m. Circus Maximus, 200,000 seats
n. Forum Romanum: central hub: public buildings, palaces, temples, sacred sites, monuments of conquest
o. majority of Romans chose to live in the city
p. advantages: aqueducts, paved roads, schools, temples, libraries, markets, arenas, public baths
q. insulae, apartment blocks shared by several families
r. building codes regulated heights of apartments, some burned down.
s. naval transport routes & paved roads connected Rome to satellite cities
t. slaves produced food, timber & precious metals
u. Rome had to keep improving its water supply system
v. 9 separate aquaducts were built
w. conquests of armies created affluence/luxury back home
x. France: pottery and wine
y. Spain: copper, olives
z. Britain: Tunisia, tin, gold
Energy needs
a. deforestation led to soil erosion
b. a harbor had to be built in an inconvenient location
c. air pollution: hundreds of fires
d. dirt, animal excrement, and dead bodies in the street
e. open canals of sewage > cholera, typhoid
Recycling
a. bones/ivory into pins
b. hair/animal nerves in war machines
c. broken glass for fuel
d. firewood ran short, bricks were of lower quality
Conquest of Africa
a. 100s of 1000s of tons of grains consumed
b. North Africa/Sahara were conquered
c. wild animals were captured
d. lions, elephants, leopards, panthers, bears were shipped to kill Christians or fight gladiators
e. Tunisia: grapes, olives, dates, wool, leather goods
f. Carthage, 500,000 people
g. set up to collect taxes & protect Rome’s territory
h. 3rd century, Romans felt insecure
i. Hadrian’s Wall across Britain was constructed
j. Ad 306, Constantine became emperor & became a Christian
k. Constantine made December 25th: the holy day of Apollo, the Roman god of the sun, the arts, prophecy and healing into the official birthday of Jesus Christ
l. Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Empire
m. 409: Visigoths occupied Rome for three days & looted
n. Vandals looted Rome, brought loot back to Carthage
o. many reasons for Rome’s decline & fall: invasions, punitive taxes in the colonies, civil wars, corruption, famines & plagues
p. malaria was high in Rome because of water storage
q. deforestation, soil erosion & salinisation played a major part in the demise of the Roman Empire
r. North Africa was permanently changed by Rome’s activities. It became hotter & drier.
s. Rome was the home of the pope & as Christianity spread across Europe, the religious power of Rome came to grow in a resurgence of its former glory
t. Middle Ages: local, autonomous lives with a much reduced scale of trade of goods
u. Charlemagne became emperor of the new Holy Roman Empire in AD 800
v. he spread education beyond a small social elite
w. Islam introduced a sense of order & religious fervor in the Middle East
x. North Africa, parts of Spain, Cairo, Baghdad, Damascus, Granada had magnificent mosques & palaces
y. cities were very freeing in the Middle Ages
z. prosperity led to social innovation
a. medieval cities were made for walking
b. many social interactions occurred
c. different workers had guilds
d. defensive walls were a prominent feature of medieval cities
e. the Gothic church was a great innovation of the 12th century
f. Suger, abbot of St. Denis near Paris
g. space & light needed to be used for worship in Christianity
h. Britain had a rich variety of Gothic cathedrals
i. cathedral windows told biblical stories/ about the salvation of Christ
j. Cistercians helped develop & improve farming and rural living
k. swampy areas were drained/cleared for agriculture
l. inadequate sanitation led to outbreaks of plagues
m. medieval towns were self-sufficient
n. organic waste went back to the soil
o. Chimneys appeared in the 13th century
p. widespread use of windmills
q. horse power was used in farming/transport
r. market gardens, forests, orchards, farmland, grazing land were in cities
s. innermost zone: horticulture, milk production
t. second zone: wood products, firewood/timber
u. third zone: intensive crop rotation
v. fourth zone: fallowing, dairying
w. medieval city state depended on the country-side for food supply
x. industrial/commercial goods were sent to the country-side
y. levels of agricultural production became more efficient
z. Venice, Milan, Florence, Siena, Pisa in N. Italy were born. Their economies were dominated by trade/banking.
Constantinople
a. a fortress city
b. fell to Sultan Mehmed II & his Ottoman armies
c. massive walls were destroyed by cannons
d. walls were taken down & used as building materials
e. Johannes Gutenberg began printing Luther’s German Bible in 1450
f. Greek/Roman classics were translated
g. architecture was the supreme art
h. idea of public space
i. Venice: traded salt, glass, manufactured goods
j. Venice was built on a swamp with oak piles
k. Venice had to increase its ship building
l. deforestation of the Alps caused massive soil erosion
m. Amsterdam became Europe’s leading shipbuilding center
n. Hanseatic League: Luebeck, Hamburg, Bremen, Danzig grew larger & more powerful, came to control the Baltic
o. after 1500, cities of Spain including Madrid grew on the back of colonial trade with America
p. Spain extracted 185 tons of gold & 16,000 tons of silver from its South American colonies
q. South America: Teotihuacan, Tikal, Tetnochtitlan
r. sophisticated food production/distribution schemes
s. city-region was self-sufficient, farmers worked communally & fed entire population
The Rise Of Beijing
a. the cities of the European Middle Ages were small compared to Far East
b. Chinese had a great tradition of city building
c. Xian, next to Silk Route, built during Tang Dynasty
d. Xian, one million people @ peak
e. Emperor Zhu Di: capital of China went from Nanjing to Beijing
f. China’s Grand Canal was repaired and enlarged
g. the Pearl River Delta produced most of Beijing’s rice
h. timber from Jianxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Annam, Vietnam
i. Beijing was burned by lightening, upset the emperor
The Story Of Edo
a. Edo dated back to the 10th century
b. Kyoto was more important than Edo
c. government was transferred to Edo, Kyoto became less important
d. Edo: well watered, fertile agricultural region-lots of fish/crustaceans
e. Edo period: ocean going ships were outlawed
f. kabuki, lively & highly stylized form of dance was developed
g. ukiyo-e, sensual form of painting became popular
h. porclein/lacquerware thrived
i. advances in printing/education led to a highly literate population
j. Neo-Confucianism: importance of morals, education and hierarchy
Hierarchy
a. samurai, top: became martial arts teachers, scholars, writers, poets, artists
b. merchants, artisans, peasants
Edo period
a. highly sustainable period
b. clean/hygienic
c. extensive reuse & recycling of waste materials
d. old kettles/pots/pans were repaired
e. ceramics were repaired
f. tubs, barrels, lanterns, locks, inkpads, pots, pans, wooden footwear, umbrellas, mirrors were fixed
g. 4,000 old clothes dealers
h. candle wax drippings were made into new-candles
i. wood ash was used as fertilizer
j. only one small trading post in Nagasaki
k. USA took serious interest in Pacific
l. Commodore Perry came in steam powered ships demanding trade
m. Japan began to trade commercially with other nations
n. “modernization,” western political, social and economic systems
o. 1872, railway between Tokyo and Yokohama
p. 1889, Japan’s constitution
q. Japan strengthened its military power & signed treaties with the West
r. Japan dominated Russia, China & Korea
Old Cities
a.quality of craftsmanship
b. beautifully detailed architecture
c. local identity
d. civic pride
e. compactness
f. muscle, wind, and water powered cities
g. a sense of continuity
h. stone and brick: lasting quality
i. Rome: unsustainable
j. Edo, sustainable
a. Rome is the prototype for the large modern city (minus fossil fuels)
b. 1.2 million in population by 1,000 years
c. Rome had an empire about the size of USA
d. Latins, Sabines, Etruscans surrounded Rome
e. Rome was located on the banks of the Tiber
f. Tiber water supply got polluted, Rome built water-ways
g. road system allowed armies to move
h. First Punic War, won Sicily, rich farmland
i. farmers had to become full time soldiers
j. 100 BC, Rome conquered most of Europe
k. welfare state, 300,000 got grain rations
l. much $ was spent on entertainment of Rome
m. Circus Maximus, 200,000 seats
n. Forum Romanum: central hub: public buildings, palaces, temples, sacred sites, monuments of conquest
o. majority of Romans chose to live in the city
p. advantages: aqueducts, paved roads, schools, temples, libraries, markets, arenas, public baths
q. insulae, apartment blocks shared by several families
r. building codes regulated heights of apartments, some burned down.
s. naval transport routes & paved roads connected Rome to satellite cities
t. slaves produced food, timber & precious metals
u. Rome had to keep improving its water supply system
v. 9 separate aquaducts were built
w. conquests of armies created affluence/luxury back home
x. France: pottery and wine
y. Spain: copper, olives
z. Britain: Tunisia, tin, gold
Energy needs
a. deforestation led to soil erosion
b. a harbor had to be built in an inconvenient location
c. air pollution: hundreds of fires
d. dirt, animal excrement, and dead bodies in the street
e. open canals of sewage > cholera, typhoid
Recycling
a. bones/ivory into pins
b. hair/animal nerves in war machines
c. broken glass for fuel
d. firewood ran short, bricks were of lower quality
Conquest of Africa
a. 100s of 1000s of tons of grains consumed
b. North Africa/Sahara were conquered
c. wild animals were captured
d. lions, elephants, leopards, panthers, bears were shipped to kill Christians or fight gladiators
e. Tunisia: grapes, olives, dates, wool, leather goods
f. Carthage, 500,000 people
g. set up to collect taxes & protect Rome’s territory
h. 3rd century, Romans felt insecure
i. Hadrian’s Wall across Britain was constructed
j. Ad 306, Constantine became emperor & became a Christian
k. Constantine made December 25th: the holy day of Apollo, the Roman god of the sun, the arts, prophecy and healing into the official birthday of Jesus Christ
l. Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Empire
m. 409: Visigoths occupied Rome for three days & looted
n. Vandals looted Rome, brought loot back to Carthage
o. many reasons for Rome’s decline & fall: invasions, punitive taxes in the colonies, civil wars, corruption, famines & plagues
p. malaria was high in Rome because of water storage
q. deforestation, soil erosion & salinisation played a major part in the demise of the Roman Empire
r. North Africa was permanently changed by Rome’s activities. It became hotter & drier.
s. Rome was the home of the pope & as Christianity spread across Europe, the religious power of Rome came to grow in a resurgence of its former glory
t. Middle Ages: local, autonomous lives with a much reduced scale of trade of goods
u. Charlemagne became emperor of the new Holy Roman Empire in AD 800
v. he spread education beyond a small social elite
w. Islam introduced a sense of order & religious fervor in the Middle East
x. North Africa, parts of Spain, Cairo, Baghdad, Damascus, Granada had magnificent mosques & palaces
y. cities were very freeing in the Middle Ages
z. prosperity led to social innovation
a. medieval cities were made for walking
b. many social interactions occurred
c. different workers had guilds
d. defensive walls were a prominent feature of medieval cities
e. the Gothic church was a great innovation of the 12th century
f. Suger, abbot of St. Denis near Paris
g. space & light needed to be used for worship in Christianity
h. Britain had a rich variety of Gothic cathedrals
i. cathedral windows told biblical stories/ about the salvation of Christ
j. Cistercians helped develop & improve farming and rural living
k. swampy areas were drained/cleared for agriculture
l. inadequate sanitation led to outbreaks of plagues
m. medieval towns were self-sufficient
n. organic waste went back to the soil
o. Chimneys appeared in the 13th century
p. widespread use of windmills
q. horse power was used in farming/transport
r. market gardens, forests, orchards, farmland, grazing land were in cities
s. innermost zone: horticulture, milk production
t. second zone: wood products, firewood/timber
u. third zone: intensive crop rotation
v. fourth zone: fallowing, dairying
w. medieval city state depended on the country-side for food supply
x. industrial/commercial goods were sent to the country-side
y. levels of agricultural production became more efficient
z. Venice, Milan, Florence, Siena, Pisa in N. Italy were born. Their economies were dominated by trade/banking.
Constantinople
a. a fortress city
b. fell to Sultan Mehmed II & his Ottoman armies
c. massive walls were destroyed by cannons
d. walls were taken down & used as building materials
e. Johannes Gutenberg began printing Luther’s German Bible in 1450
f. Greek/Roman classics were translated
g. architecture was the supreme art
h. idea of public space
i. Venice: traded salt, glass, manufactured goods
j. Venice was built on a swamp with oak piles
k. Venice had to increase its ship building
l. deforestation of the Alps caused massive soil erosion
m. Amsterdam became Europe’s leading shipbuilding center
n. Hanseatic League: Luebeck, Hamburg, Bremen, Danzig grew larger & more powerful, came to control the Baltic
o. after 1500, cities of Spain including Madrid grew on the back of colonial trade with America
p. Spain extracted 185 tons of gold & 16,000 tons of silver from its South American colonies
q. South America: Teotihuacan, Tikal, Tetnochtitlan
r. sophisticated food production/distribution schemes
s. city-region was self-sufficient, farmers worked communally & fed entire population
The Rise Of Beijing
a. the cities of the European Middle Ages were small compared to Far East
b. Chinese had a great tradition of city building
c. Xian, next to Silk Route, built during Tang Dynasty
d. Xian, one million people @ peak
e. Emperor Zhu Di: capital of China went from Nanjing to Beijing
f. China’s Grand Canal was repaired and enlarged
g. the Pearl River Delta produced most of Beijing’s rice
h. timber from Jianxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Annam, Vietnam
i. Beijing was burned by lightening, upset the emperor
The Story Of Edo
a. Edo dated back to the 10th century
b. Kyoto was more important than Edo
c. government was transferred to Edo, Kyoto became less important
d. Edo: well watered, fertile agricultural region-lots of fish/crustaceans
e. Edo period: ocean going ships were outlawed
f. kabuki, lively & highly stylized form of dance was developed
g. ukiyo-e, sensual form of painting became popular
h. porclein/lacquerware thrived
i. advances in printing/education led to a highly literate population
j. Neo-Confucianism: importance of morals, education and hierarchy
Hierarchy
a. samurai, top: became martial arts teachers, scholars, writers, poets, artists
b. merchants, artisans, peasants
Edo period
a. highly sustainable period
b. clean/hygienic
c. extensive reuse & recycling of waste materials
d. old kettles/pots/pans were repaired
e. ceramics were repaired
f. tubs, barrels, lanterns, locks, inkpads, pots, pans, wooden footwear, umbrellas, mirrors were fixed
g. 4,000 old clothes dealers
h. candle wax drippings were made into new-candles
i. wood ash was used as fertilizer
j. only one small trading post in Nagasaki
k. USA took serious interest in Pacific
l. Commodore Perry came in steam powered ships demanding trade
m. Japan began to trade commercially with other nations
n. “modernization,” western political, social and economic systems
o. 1872, railway between Tokyo and Yokohama
p. 1889, Japan’s constitution
q. Japan strengthened its military power & signed treaties with the West
r. Japan dominated Russia, China & Korea
Old Cities
a.quality of craftsmanship
b. beautifully detailed architecture
c. local identity
d. civic pride
e. compactness
f. muscle, wind, and water powered cities
g. a sense of continuity
h. stone and brick: lasting quality
i. Rome: unsustainable
j. Edo, sustainable
Tuesday, September 22, 2009
In The Beginning, Ch. II, p. 20-39.
Chapter 2, In The Beginning
a. the historic nature of the city!
b. many historic cities continue to thrive after thousands of years
c. hunter-gatherer tribes set up temporary camps & occupied caves where fruits, nuts, fish & game were plentiful
d. stone-age: material security, even affluence
e. little evidence is left of our hunter-gatherer ancestors
f. charcoal deposits were left
g. caves: secure place
h. Pont du Arc: oldest cave paintings
i. most cave paintings (1/2) were found in France
j. beginnings of farming: 10,000 BC
k. agriculture: allows a sedentary lifestyle
l. soil fertility must be manipulated, crops must be stored
m. 9,000 BC: wheat, barley, oats, millet, rice, pulses, potatoes, maize: staples
n. hoes, sickles, ploughs, threshing devices were used
o. trade spread: land/sea/river travel expanded
p. Tutsi, Dinka, Nuer, Masai live off the milk of their cattle which they mix with blood
q. herding cultures: semi-permanent settlements, circular layouts, circular buildings
r. women are sedentary, children are sedentary, men move
s. Levant, 8500 BC, sedentary farming villages emerged
t. formalized political/spiritual hierarchies developed
u. writing and military power began to be used
v. 23,000 to 12,000 BC, last ice age
w. Jericho was one of first towns to be excavated. Jericho was founded in 8,000BC
x. Jericho used irrigation from the Jordan River
y. Jericho installed massive defense towers around 7,000BC
z. Jericho was a difficult place for outsiders to conquer
a. Joshua led the Israelites to sack Jericho
b. Ahab repaired Jericho, Jericho was never taken over by the Israelites
Catal Huyuk, Anatolian Supernova
a. located on a fertile, well-watered plateau in Anatolia
b. dates back to 7,100BC
c. thriving farming region & obsidian industry
d. laid out according to a beehive pattern
e. leopard’s spots was a favorite motif
f. cowrie shells from the Mediterranean, manganese copper & turquoise from eastern Anatolia & the Sinai
g. mercury was imported from Sizmar
h. tabular flint was imported from the Taurus Mountains
i. Catal Huyuk: spiritual center
j. how did Catal Huyuk come to an abrupt end?
k. Iraq, Greece, Italty: developed agricultural and trading settlements between 6,400 and 5,800 BC.
l. the Harrappans occupied the Indus Valley from 3,500 & built Mohenjo-daro & Harappa
m. The Canaanites (Phoenicians) p. 28
n. Sumer: region in southern Mesopotamia, between lower Tigris & Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq)
o. inventions: development of writing, bronze, gold, silver metallurgy, first use of the wheel
p. large libraries of clay tablets
q. highly stratified societies: kings/priests represented the divine powers
r. upper class: kings, priests, nobles
s. middle class: artisans, craftsmen, businessmen, teachers, scribes
t. lower class: slaves who had to perform a variety of physical tasks
Uruk & The Story Of Gilgamesh
a. Uruk was in Genesis 10
b. large zigurats, schools, family houses, sarcophagi were discovered
c. wheels were found
d. 50,000 people in Uruk
e. Uruk was ruled by a powerful king
f. Enmerkar, man who built Uruk
g. Gilgamesh, built a defensive wall
h. Gilgamesh, 2/3 god, 1/3 human
Summary of Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh is the greatest king on earth, > Gilgamesh is oppressive > people pray to Anu> Anu creates Enkidu with the strength of many animals > Shamhat a harlot is brought to Enkidu, Enkidnu makes love and loses his wildness, the harlot takes Enkidnu to meet Gilgamesh > Enkidnu becomes lazy from the opulence > Gilgamesh cuts off monster’s head, deforestation occurs!
lesson: forest are cut for urban construction & for creating more farmland. Great cities are vulnerable to decline & decay.
Ur
a. grew even bigger than Uruk
b. temporary home of Abraham & the Israelites
c. clay tablets kept records of events
d. floods & mudslides plagued those cities
e. trees were used for timber & baking clay bricks
f. deforestation > soil was washed downhill
g. the soil became too salty, couldn’t grow as many crops
h. salinisation of soil is a major problem
i. 1,600 BC: Hittites attacked Sumerian cities
j. Egypt’s farmland was productive for 7,000 years
k. Greeks developed the alphabet, oratory, democracy, mathematics, theatre, aesthetics, arts
l. bioproductivity of forests/farmland outside of cities made city-life possible
m. Greeks were a highly expansionist civilization
n. Athens-most Athenians lived in modest houses
o. 43,000 of 317,000 (13%) were citizens in 431 BC
p. the community should have priority over the individual
q. Athens was more of an aristocracy than a democracy
r. civilization & deforestation: two sides of the same coin
a. the historic nature of the city!
b. many historic cities continue to thrive after thousands of years
c. hunter-gatherer tribes set up temporary camps & occupied caves where fruits, nuts, fish & game were plentiful
d. stone-age: material security, even affluence
e. little evidence is left of our hunter-gatherer ancestors
f. charcoal deposits were left
g. caves: secure place
h. Pont du Arc: oldest cave paintings
i. most cave paintings (1/2) were found in France
j. beginnings of farming: 10,000 BC
k. agriculture: allows a sedentary lifestyle
l. soil fertility must be manipulated, crops must be stored
m. 9,000 BC: wheat, barley, oats, millet, rice, pulses, potatoes, maize: staples
n. hoes, sickles, ploughs, threshing devices were used
o. trade spread: land/sea/river travel expanded
p. Tutsi, Dinka, Nuer, Masai live off the milk of their cattle which they mix with blood
q. herding cultures: semi-permanent settlements, circular layouts, circular buildings
r. women are sedentary, children are sedentary, men move
s. Levant, 8500 BC, sedentary farming villages emerged
t. formalized political/spiritual hierarchies developed
u. writing and military power began to be used
v. 23,000 to 12,000 BC, last ice age
w. Jericho was one of first towns to be excavated. Jericho was founded in 8,000BC
x. Jericho used irrigation from the Jordan River
y. Jericho installed massive defense towers around 7,000BC
z. Jericho was a difficult place for outsiders to conquer
a. Joshua led the Israelites to sack Jericho
b. Ahab repaired Jericho, Jericho was never taken over by the Israelites
Catal Huyuk, Anatolian Supernova
a. located on a fertile, well-watered plateau in Anatolia
b. dates back to 7,100BC
c. thriving farming region & obsidian industry
d. laid out according to a beehive pattern
e. leopard’s spots was a favorite motif
f. cowrie shells from the Mediterranean, manganese copper & turquoise from eastern Anatolia & the Sinai
g. mercury was imported from Sizmar
h. tabular flint was imported from the Taurus Mountains
i. Catal Huyuk: spiritual center
j. how did Catal Huyuk come to an abrupt end?
k. Iraq, Greece, Italty: developed agricultural and trading settlements between 6,400 and 5,800 BC.
l. the Harrappans occupied the Indus Valley from 3,500 & built Mohenjo-daro & Harappa
m. The Canaanites (Phoenicians) p. 28
n. Sumer: region in southern Mesopotamia, between lower Tigris & Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq)
o. inventions: development of writing, bronze, gold, silver metallurgy, first use of the wheel
p. large libraries of clay tablets
q. highly stratified societies: kings/priests represented the divine powers
r. upper class: kings, priests, nobles
s. middle class: artisans, craftsmen, businessmen, teachers, scribes
t. lower class: slaves who had to perform a variety of physical tasks
Uruk & The Story Of Gilgamesh
a. Uruk was in Genesis 10
b. large zigurats, schools, family houses, sarcophagi were discovered
c. wheels were found
d. 50,000 people in Uruk
e. Uruk was ruled by a powerful king
f. Enmerkar, man who built Uruk
g. Gilgamesh, built a defensive wall
h. Gilgamesh, 2/3 god, 1/3 human
Summary of Gilgamesh:
Gilgamesh is the greatest king on earth, > Gilgamesh is oppressive > people pray to Anu> Anu creates Enkidu with the strength of many animals > Shamhat a harlot is brought to Enkidu, Enkidnu makes love and loses his wildness, the harlot takes Enkidnu to meet Gilgamesh > Enkidnu becomes lazy from the opulence > Gilgamesh cuts off monster’s head, deforestation occurs!
lesson: forest are cut for urban construction & for creating more farmland. Great cities are vulnerable to decline & decay.
Ur
a. grew even bigger than Uruk
b. temporary home of Abraham & the Israelites
c. clay tablets kept records of events
d. floods & mudslides plagued those cities
e. trees were used for timber & baking clay bricks
f. deforestation > soil was washed downhill
g. the soil became too salty, couldn’t grow as many crops
h. salinisation of soil is a major problem
i. 1,600 BC: Hittites attacked Sumerian cities
j. Egypt’s farmland was productive for 7,000 years
k. Greeks developed the alphabet, oratory, democracy, mathematics, theatre, aesthetics, arts
l. bioproductivity of forests/farmland outside of cities made city-life possible
m. Greeks were a highly expansionist civilization
n. Athens-most Athenians lived in modest houses
o. 43,000 of 317,000 (13%) were citizens in 431 BC
p. the community should have priority over the individual
q. Athens was more of an aristocracy than a democracy
r. civilization & deforestation: two sides of the same coin
Monday, September 21, 2009
Cities For People & The Planet, pages 1-19.
Chapter One, Cities, People, Planet, p. 1-19.
a. design cities to meet the needs of people
b. cities depend on land around
c. want to be able to move around efficiently
d. fossil fuel powered industrial/farming/transportation hurts the environment
e. in 30 years, 1/3 of the natural world was destroyed (1980-1990, 1990-2000, 2000-2009)
f. modern living needs to be in harmony with the planet
g. science, technology, individual action, and government policies can be harnessed to restore the health of the planet
:
a. Can a world of ever-larger cities be environmentally sustainable?
b. Can cities continue to prosper if they significantly reduce their use of resources?
c. How can cities mimic natural ecosystems?
d. How can cities become circular, not linear systems?
e. 1900: 15% of world in cities
f. 2000: 47% in cities
g. 2030: 60% will be in cities
h. farms, villages, small towns > urban species
i. nature’s local harvest > world food supplies (reliance)
j. purely local energy> reliance on world energy supplies
k. modern cities: complex manifestation of human activity
l. cities are 2% of the world’s land surface but 75% of resources
m. cities like to declare themselves independent of nature
n. ecosystem services are worth $33 trillion
o. global GNP: $18 trillion
p. governments, local authorities, urban communities, NGOs and the private sector can affect change positively
q. sustainability: not depleting natural capital
r. ecosystems have a “carrying capacity”
s. decentralized governments that are in touch with their citizens are needed
t. cities are engines of economic power
u. most production occurs
v. great wealth is created
w. most consumption occurs
x. cities are the control centers of economic, political & media activity
y. urban resource use is destroying the environment mostly
z. China: economic growth of 7%-9% yearly since the 1980s
Powering cities
a.coal, oil, gas fuel megacities
b. sea level has risen (global warming...?)
c. glaciers are melting...
d. fusion of technology & technology
e. city dwellers have much higher amounts of consumption
f. more fossil fuels, metals, timber, meat, foodstuffs
g. modern cities CAN use resources efficiently
h. available options: wind, solar power, fuel cell technology, sewage recycling systems
i. building insulation: highly efficient heating & cooling systems for buildings
j. livable cities: nature, clean, attractive public spaces, walkable city centers, diverse neighborhoods, diverse street culture
k. cities are for people, trees, plants, animals
l. London’s sewage system: healthier people, better land for crops
m. London’s power plants went outside the city: less pollution inside the city, more energy used
n. concrete buildings + cars: less livable!
o. cars: menace in the urban environment
p. cultural vigor, physical beauty, thriving natural habitats, opportunities for lively social encounters
q. poverty, pollution: negative attributes of cities
r. villages are losing out to cities
s. ecotourism helps village economies
t. Europe, America, Japan, Australia: least sustainable!
u. environmental sustainability can create jobs
v. sustainability requires grassroots participation
w. old cities are more sustainable because it was part of the culture
a. design cities to meet the needs of people
b. cities depend on land around
c. want to be able to move around efficiently
d. fossil fuel powered industrial/farming/transportation hurts the environment
e. in 30 years, 1/3 of the natural world was destroyed (1980-1990, 1990-2000, 2000-2009)
f. modern living needs to be in harmony with the planet
g. science, technology, individual action, and government policies can be harnessed to restore the health of the planet
:
a. Can a world of ever-larger cities be environmentally sustainable?
b. Can cities continue to prosper if they significantly reduce their use of resources?
c. How can cities mimic natural ecosystems?
d. How can cities become circular, not linear systems?
e. 1900: 15% of world in cities
f. 2000: 47% in cities
g. 2030: 60% will be in cities
h. farms, villages, small towns > urban species
i. nature’s local harvest > world food supplies (reliance)
j. purely local energy> reliance on world energy supplies
k. modern cities: complex manifestation of human activity
l. cities are 2% of the world’s land surface but 75% of resources
m. cities like to declare themselves independent of nature
n. ecosystem services are worth $33 trillion
o. global GNP: $18 trillion
p. governments, local authorities, urban communities, NGOs and the private sector can affect change positively
q. sustainability: not depleting natural capital
r. ecosystems have a “carrying capacity”
s. decentralized governments that are in touch with their citizens are needed
t. cities are engines of economic power
u. most production occurs
v. great wealth is created
w. most consumption occurs
x. cities are the control centers of economic, political & media activity
y. urban resource use is destroying the environment mostly
z. China: economic growth of 7%-9% yearly since the 1980s
Powering cities
a.coal, oil, gas fuel megacities
b. sea level has risen (global warming...?)
c. glaciers are melting...
d. fusion of technology & technology
e. city dwellers have much higher amounts of consumption
f. more fossil fuels, metals, timber, meat, foodstuffs
g. modern cities CAN use resources efficiently
h. available options: wind, solar power, fuel cell technology, sewage recycling systems
i. building insulation: highly efficient heating & cooling systems for buildings
j. livable cities: nature, clean, attractive public spaces, walkable city centers, diverse neighborhoods, diverse street culture
k. cities are for people, trees, plants, animals
l. London’s sewage system: healthier people, better land for crops
m. London’s power plants went outside the city: less pollution inside the city, more energy used
n. concrete buildings + cars: less livable!
o. cars: menace in the urban environment
p. cultural vigor, physical beauty, thriving natural habitats, opportunities for lively social encounters
q. poverty, pollution: negative attributes of cities
r. villages are losing out to cities
s. ecotourism helps village economies
t. Europe, America, Japan, Australia: least sustainable!
u. environmental sustainability can create jobs
v. sustainability requires grassroots participation
w. old cities are more sustainable because it was part of the culture
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